Chrome • David Leonard - Computer Support in London

Chrome - saving and opening groups of web pages

Jul 042020

Do you have different tasks that need different sets of web pages to be opened regularly?

An example might be that you buy items of a particular type online from the same few sources – eg John Lewis, Amazon, Argos, Currys. Quite separately from these websites, you may have other tasks that require a completely different set of websites to be open – eg, you might start the day by checking the weather, local news, and local traffic reports.

Wouldn’t it be nice if you could open and close these sets of websites with single commands? You can, and it’s easy.

Start by opening all the websites (in different tabs) that you want to put together as a single group
Close any open web pages that you don’t want to be in the group
Click on the three dots at the top right of the Chrome window
Click on “Bookmarks”
Click on “Bookmark all tabs”
Give the new folder a name
Click on a folder (if any) within which this group of tabs will be saved
Click on “Save”

Click on the three dots, then on “Bookmarks”, and then on “Bookmark all tabs”

To open all of the web pages in a group at once:

Click on the three dots at the top right of the screen
Click on “Bookmarks”
Find the folder containing the saved tabs
Right-click on the folder
Click on “Open all (x)”, where “x” is the number of pages in the saved group

In Chrome, you can’t close ALL tabs at once, but you can close the current tab, all tabs except the current tab, or all tabs to the right of the current tab. Just right-click on the name of a tab and choose the option you need from the bottom of the context menu that has just opened.

Alternatively, there is an extension from the Chrome Web Store called “Close All Tabs” that places a white cross in a red circle to the right of the address bar. Click on this to close all tabs before opening a different group.

By the way, you can change Chrome’s behaviour so that it opens with either a predefined set of tabs or the tabs that were open at the time the browser was last closed. To define your choice:

Click on the three dots (top right)
Click on “Settings”
Scroll down until you find the settings headed “On start-up”
Make your choice, entering the addresses of the websites if applicable

The Bookmarks Bar

The line beginning “Clear data” is the Chrome bookmarks bar

The “Bookmarks bar” is a very useful place to put your most often-used bookmarks. If you can’t see the bookmarks bar (which will be directly below the address bar when it is visible):

Click on the three dots (top right)
Click on “Bookmarks”
Click on “Show bookmarks bar”

Note that you can place folders of bookmarks (such as the folders we created above) on the bookmarks bar as well as individual bookmarks. You can then open all items in a folder by right-clicking as explained above.

It’s also worth noting that if you right-click on any item on the bookmarks bar and then left-click on “edit”, you can shorten the name of the item so as to get more items visible on the bookmarks bar. You can even remove the name of an item altogether so that it is only identified by its icon. I have done this in the illustration, with my “DL” icon representing a shortcut to my own website.

If you have placed more items on the bookmarks bar than there is room for, there will be two chevrons directly beneath the three dots (top right of window). Clicking on the chevrons will reveal the items that don’t fit on the bar.

The Binary Chop

No Responses »

Jun 062020

The “binary chop” (or “binary search”) is a very useful computing technique

A binary chop is so-called because each iteration chops the range of possible solutions in two

Suppose that you use Google Chrome as your internet browser and suppose that it has been playing up recently – perhaps appearing very slow at times or freezing altogether. If you try googling for a potential solution, you may see suggestions that you “investigate installed Google extensions”.

Google extensions are small “add-ons” that add functionality to your browser. For instance, you may have an extension that blocks ads on the websites you visit while using Chrome. Another one might download images from the website you are viewing. It may be that one of these extensions is misbehaving and causing problems to Chrome itself.

To test this, the best thing to do is to to turn all the extensions off and see if the problem goes away. If it does, then your next job is to find out which one is misbehaving. Suppose that you have 20 such extensions. Testing them one at a time (by turning one back on at once) would require up to 20 steps to find the culprit, but there is a better way.

Using a technique called a “binary chop” (or “binary search”) can greatly speed up the process:

What you do is turn half of the extensions back on at once. If the problem comes back then you know the problem is in the half you turned back on. Otherwise, it is in the other half. So, you chop the half that you now know includes the problem into two and just turn on half of this half. Then see if the problem is present or not. Keep repeating these steps until you have found the culprit. In our example we had 20 possible culprits, so it takes one step to narrow the range to 10. A second step narrows it down to 5. A third step narrows it down to 3 (at most). A fourth narrows it down to 2 (at most) and a fifth will isolate the little beggar. So, a maximum of five steps will achieve what would otherwise have required up to 20 steps (and an average of 10 steps).

This is a very simple and elegant troubleshooting tool. It is also a great example of the kind of thinking that goes behind the design of lots of computer programming.

By the way, if serendipity is smiling on you and you do currently have Chrome problems, the way you access the extensions is as follows:

Click on the three vertical dots at the top right of the browser window
Click on “more tools”
Click on “extensions”

You will see that you can turn extensions on and off without uninstalling them simply by sliding the switch in each extension’s box to the left or right.

The binary chop technique is used in lots of ways by computer programs to find specific items in an “array” of items. The method uses a number of the same steps repeated until a solution is found, and is, therefore, an example of that oft-mentioned beast, an “algorithm”.

Some Chrome Basics

No Responses »

Dec 072019

The most popular website browser isn’t always obvious in how it works

Chrome According to Statista, Chrome had 69% of the browser market in September 2019. Most people find it fast and secure. However, there are some basics that some people miss. This is possibly because Google attempts to keep Chrome looking as “clean” and uncluttered as possible.

Here are a few of the most common things that my IT Support clients ask me about:

Where’s the http or https indication?

Chrome doesn’t display the first parts of a website address – eg “http://www.” or “https://www.” – in the website address bar. We can take the “www” bit as read. We don’t need to see it. Some people, though, are concerned that they can’t see whether their connection to the website is encrypted (indicated by an “s” after “http”). Encryption is essential if highly confidential and/or financial information is passing between the user and the website. Chrome does show the information, but not in the address itself . If a site is “secure”, then a padlock appears to the left of the website address. If a site is not secure then the text “not secure” appears instead. If you really do wish to see the “http(s)//www.” bit, just double-click somewhere in the address bar and it will be revealed.

How do I create a favourite (ie a “bookmark”) from a website?

At the righthand edge of the address bar is a star. This will be a grey outline if the page has not been bookmarked, or a solid blue if it has been. To create a bookmark of the webpage indicated in the address bar:

Click on the star
Change the name, if desired (shorter names, or no name at all, mean that more items will be visible in the Bookmarks Bar)
Click the downward arrow next to “folder” to choose where to save the bookmark. The folders mentioned here are bookmarks folders and not the folders shown in File Explorer. Note that there is an option for “bookmarks toolbar”. This is a row of saved bookmarks appearing on the line below the address bar, for very quick access

How do I see the “Favorites bar” (ie the “Bookmarks” bar)

If you can not see the bookmarks bar:

Click on the three vertical dots at the top right of the browser window
Hover over the “bookmarks” option
Click on the “Show bookmarks bar” option (a tick will appear next to this option if the bar is already displayed)

Hobnobs How do I clear my browing history and cookies?

Click on the three vertical dots at the top right of the browser window
Hover over the “more tools” option
Click on “clear browsing data”
Choose the time range and the specific items you wish to delete
Click on “clear data”

How do I change my “home page”

Click on the three vertical dots at the top right of the browser window
Hover over the “settings” option
In the “Appearance” section, set your home page below where it says “Show Home Button”. The home button is a small icon of a house that, when displayed, shows near the address bar and gives a method of quickly taking you back to your home page

By the way, according to the same Statista analysis, the market shares of all the major browsers in September 2019 were:

Chrome – 69.08%
Firefox – 9.54%
Safari – 7.41%
Internet Explorer – 4.99%
Edge – 4.71%
Opera – 2.40%
Others – 1.87%

Another “by the way” is that Chrome can be a bit of a monster when it comes to hogging your memory. If you tend to have lots of Chrome tabs open at the same tab and your computer slows down, it might well be worth closing some of those tabs. Keep the number of Chrome tabs in single figures, if possible.

SSL and HTTPS

No Responses »

Nov 102018

If you use Chrome you may have noticed it flagging up websites as “not secure”

In the past, most connections to websites have been unencrypted. In other words, anyone capable of “listening in” to such a connection could have understood everything that passed between the user and the website – in both directions. Clearly, this could have serious implications. If, for instance, you have just typed in all the details of your debit card to make an online purchase then all those details could be intercepted.

For some time, therefore, pages that displayed or requested sensitive information have been secured by something called SSL (Secure Socket Layer). This means that all traffic to and from that page has been encrypted such that no-one “listening in” could understand the data being transmitted in either direction. The full address of a non-encrypted page begins with “http” – eg https://www.davidleonard.london. Encrypted pages begin with “https” – eg https://www.google.co.uk.

Secured pages have traditionally cost the website owner more than unsecured ones, so it has been quite common for websites to have a combination of secured and unsecured pages. Things are changing, however, and more and more websites have moved over to having all their pages secured.

Chrome’s scary message when a web page is not secure.

As anyone with a Google email account will know, Google are very hot on security and getting more so. Google do, of course, also give us the Chrome browser (software for viewing websites). Since July, Chrome has been flagging up any website that you visit that does not have SSL with the rather scary “not secure” (see illustration). As a website owner, I could feel a tad miffed at Google over this. I do not ask for any sensitive information on my website. The most sensitive it gets is in asking for contact details of anyone who would like me to get in touch. If a client wishes to settle one of my invoices online then I use PayPal to handle this, so the user is passed to secured PayPal pages before any sensitive information is requested. I could argue, therefore, that it is a bit over the top for Chrome to frighten my website visitors with “not secure” next to the address of every web page.

The padlock in Edge showing that the web page is secure

Nevertheless, I can’t deny that, generally speaking, sites that are secure are a better idea than sites that are not secure. Changing from unsecured to secured pages has cost money and been an admininstrative pain in the past. However, all that is getting easier. I am happy to go with the flow in this respect and will be going over to a secure site some time early in the new year. I am sure that many other websites will be doing the same in the coming months. No doubt Google’s policy of flagging up non-secured sites will be speeding up this process for many of us website owners (myself included!)

The padlock in Safari showing that a web page is secure

I would, however, like to stress that just because Chrome points out that a website is “not secure” it does no mean that it is dangerous to visit. It just means that all communication with that website (in both directions) is unencrypted, so don’t give any private or sensitive information to any web page that does not begin with “https”.

All the major browsers (Firefox, Edge, Chrome, Safari, Opera) indicate when a web page is secure by showing a small padlock next to the address. This is, obviously, absent when a page is not secure, but it is only Chrome that emphasises this fact by telling you so.

Trusteer Rapport - more trouble than it's worth?

No Responses »

May 262018

A security tool that your bank may be encouraging you to use may be giving you grief

Trusteer Rapport (which is installed on your computer under the name of “Trusteer Endpoint Protection”) is a piece of security software from IBM that is intended to make your online banking safer by spotting fake banking websites, intercepting emails that contain misleading links to fake banking websites, and so on.

Quite probably, you have never encountered it or heard of it unless your bank installed it on your computer when you established online banking. Some of the banks that I think support it include Santander, Lloyds, and NatWest. So, it’s quite possible that it’s running on your computer now and you’ve never been aware of it. If that’s the case, don’t worry. It’s perfectly legitimate and not in any way malicious. If it hasn’t been causing you any problems up to now then I see no reason to un-install it except, perhaps, that it might be having a deleterious effect on your system’s performance.

On the other hand, you may have noticed that it can have a bad effect on your system in several ways:

It can interfere with your other security software to cause freezes and crashes
It can slow down your system
It can cause your browser to freeze (Google Chrome)
It can stop your browser from even loading up (Microsoft Edge)
It can produce disconcerting, irritating, and misleading popups suggesting that it is installed but not enabled, and that this situation is easily remedied (Google Chrome)

I’ve been wrestling with it on behalf of several computer support clients recently, and I came to the conclusion that it’s just not worth the bother. I installed it on my own main machine and it initially caused problems with Chrome (freezing) but not Firefox (but I’ve almost stopped using Firefox, anyway). It doesn’t affect Opera for the simple reason that it doesn’t install an extension to run with Opera. I have to say that the initial problems of freezing when running Chrome seem to have stopped, but there’s no way I would have such a seemingly flakey piece of software running on my main computer if it wasn’t for the fact that I’m testing it.

Looking to find some backing for my opinion that it’s not worth using, I came across a web page entitled “Should you use Trusteer Rapport” from Which? magazine.

Its conclusions include:

Rapport interferes with browsers and slows systems down
Your browser will, anyway, probably intercept any attempt to connect to a fake banking site
Your antivirus program will almost certainly catch “phishing” emails
It’s your bank’s job – not Rapport’s – to keep your money safe.

Brian Krebs’ web page on Rapport may be old (2010), but it’s worth looking at if you are interested in gaining a more in-depth view on how Rapport works.

Assuming that you are using Windows 7 or 10, the easiest way to check to see if Rapport is installed – and to uninstall it if it is – is as follows:

Press Windows+R to open the Run box.
Type “appwiz.cpl” (without the quotes) in the box and click OK.
Highlight “Trusteer Endpoint Protection” (by clicking on it).
Click on “Uninstall” (located directly above the list of programs).
Follow any prompts that come up.
Close the Programs and Features window.

The three best ways to keep your finances safe online are quite easy and straightforward:

ALWAYS have up-to-date antivirus software running.
NEVER click on any link in any email that purports to come from your bank.
KEEP your browser updated.

The error message Rapport shows in Chrome. No point in looking in Chrome extensions – it will not show that Rapport is installed. Click on the link (“Need help?) in the error message and follow the instructions to get Rapport working in Chrome. Not for the faint-hearted.

Prevent Websites From Asking Your Location

No Responses »

May 122018

Are you fed up with browser popups that tell you the website you are about to visit “wants to know your location”?

Map Pin I find this really irritating. It reminds of the irritation I feel whenever I go into a Nespresso shop. Actually, there are several things that annoy me about Nespresso shops, but the one I mean here is when you attempt to pay and they ask for your postcode. No – you don’t need my postcode to sell me coffee.

Back to the point. You can set a preference in your browser that stops websites from asking this question. As you’d probably expect, the method depends on your browser, so here’s how you do it in current versions of the major browsers:

Google Chrome

Click on Settings (3 vertical dots at the top right of the browser)
Scroll down to “Advanced” and click on it
Click on “Content Settings”
Click on “Location”
Against the “Ask before accessing (recommended)” setting, click the “switch” to the left so that the label changes to “Blocked”
Close the settings tab (the “x” next to “Settings” at the top of the window)

Firefox

Click on Options (3 horizontal bars)
Click on the padlock on the left side
Scroll down to “Permissions”
Click on “Settings” next to “Location”
Tick the box next to “Block new requests asking to access your location”
Click on “Save Changes”
Close the “Options” tab

Internet Explorer

Click on the “Tools” menu option
Click on “Internet Options”
Click on the “Privacy” tab
Place a tick against “Never allow websites to request your physical location”
Click on “OK”

Edge

You can not turn location on/off within Edge. Instead, you need to change Edge’s access to your location within Windows 10 settings:

Click on the “Start” button
Type “location” without the quotes
Click on “Location privacy settings”
If “location” is “off” you do not need to do anything more
If “location” is on, scroll down to the list of apps and turn Edge off
Close the Settings window

Safari

As with Edge (above), the setting is no longer within the browser but is part of system-wide settings:

Click on the apple (at top left of all screens)
Click on “System Preferences”
Click on “Security & Privacy”
Click on “Location Services” (you may also need to click on the padlock below this to unlock changes to settings)
Remove the tick next to “Enable Location Services”
Close System Preferences

Opera

I was unable to find the setting in the current version of Opera. Opera’s own help page suggests the following:

“go to Settings > Preferences > Advanced > Network, and uncheck “Allow websites to request my physical location””

but, unless I’m losing the plot, that setting no longer exists.

Disable Chrome's Software Reporter Tool

No Responses »

Apr 282018

There are at least three reasons why you might want to stop Chrome’s Software Reporter tool from having its way with your system:

It is a resource hog
It might try to remove desired enhancements/extensions to Chrome
It compromises your privacy by reporting its findings to Google

Google don’t make a fuss about Chrome’s software reporter tool. They simply install it when you install Chrome and run it – when they feel like it and without your say-so. Its purpose is to scour your system to find software and browser extensions that are harmful to the running of Chrome, but I defy you to find out how much of your system it pokes its nose into and how it decides what is, and what is not, harmful to Chrome. It then reports its findings back to Google and, if it has found anything it doesn’t like, it suggests you remove the offending item(s) using the Chrome “cleanup tool”.

I came across it in the same way that I think a lot of people do. My system was unaccountably running slowly so I opened Task Manager and noticed the entry for “software-reporter-tool” and the fact that it seemed to be using a large part of the system’s CPU (the Central Processing Unit – ie the actual “performing work” part of the computer). A bit of research informed me that it can swallow up to 60% of the CPU’s capacity at any one time and that the process can take 20 minutes to run.

The fact that it’s a resource hog is bad enough, but I decided I definitely wanted rid of it when I found that it reports backs to Google on what it finds and seems to base its decisions on what is best for Chrome rather than what I want.

So how do you get rid of it?

Well, you could try just deleting the actual program file that is involved, but any update to Chrome is almost certain to bring it back. A better way is to change the “permissions” of the folder that contains all the relevant files so that nobody is allowed to run it. Since all the updated versions of Software Reporter are also installed inside this folder, all new versions should also be incapacitated.

The folder in question is called C:\Users\USERNAME\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\User Data\SwReporter

If you can not see the folder called “AppData” after negotiating to c:\users\username in File Explorer, then this is because you currently have “system folders” hidden. See below for how to reveal system folders.

Once you have located the folder called SwReporter, proceed as follows:

Right-click on the folder called SwReporter and left-click on Properties
Click on the “Security” tab
Click on “Advanced”
Click on “Disable inheritance” and then “remove all inherited permissions from this object”
Click on “OK”, then “yes, you want to continue”, and then “OK” again

Hog That’s it. Chrome’s Software Reporter Tool should now be unable to run.

To display (hidden) system folders in Windows 10:

Open File Explorer
Click on the “View” tab
Click on “Options”
Click on the “View” tab
Click on the circle against “Show hidden files, folders, or drives”
Click on “OK”

To display (hidden) system folders in Windows 7:

Open File Explorer
Click on the “Tools” option
Click on “Folder Options”
Click on the “View” tab
Click on the circle against “Show hidden files, folders, or drives”
Click on “OK”

Importing Favorites into a Different Browser

No Responses »

Oct 142017

Want to move to a different browser?

You may have thought of trying a different browser, but can’t face the thought of starting afresh with your collection of internet favorites (known as bookmarks in some browsers). Well, don’t let that stop you. It’s fairly easy to copy your favorites from one browser to another (technically, we are “importing” rather than “copying”, but that’s splitting hairs).

So, just look down to find the section relating to the browser you wish to start using, and follow the instructions. As usual with my blog posts of this kind, the instructions relate to the latest versions of the browsers.

Chrome

Click on the three vertical dots at the top righthand corner of the browser
Click on “bookmarks”
Click on “import bookmarks and settings”
If Firefox isn’t the browser from which you are copying bookmarks, click on the triangle next to it and choose either Edge or Internet Explorer instead. The last option in the list (“Bookmarks HTML file”) is for when you are transferring Chrome bookmarks between computers
Uncheck any items that you con’t wish to copy from your previous browser
Click on “Import”
If you have your previous browser open, then close it now and then click “Continue”

After the importing has been completed, you can see where Chrome has put your bookmarks and move move them around using the Bookmarks Manager:

Click on the three vertical dots at the top righthand corner of the browser
Click on “bookmarks”
Click on “bookmark manager”

Firefox

Click on the icon of the clipboard (it has the tooltip “show your bookmarks”) that is next to the star that bookmarks the current page
Click on “show all bookmarks”
Click on “Import and Backup” at the top of the screen
Click on “Import Data from Another Browser”
Select the browser and click “Next”
De-select any items you do not wish to import
Click “Next”
Click “Finish” when you see the message “The following items were successfully imported: Favorites”

Firefox leaves you in the Bookmark Manager, so you can see the imported items (in a folder called, for instance, “From Intenet Explorer”) and move them around as desired.

Internet Explorer

Click on the “File” command
Click on “Import and Export”
Ensure that “Import from another browser” is selected
Click on “Next”
Select Safari or Chrome (note that Microsoft don’t give you the option to import from “Edge” (their other browser))
Click on “Import”
Click on “Finish”

To organise your favorites in Internet Explorer:

Click on the icon of the star (top right of browser)
Click on the triangle next to “Add to favorites”
Click on “organize favorites”

Edge

Click on the three horizontal dots (top right of browser)
Click on “Settings”
Click on “View favorites settings”
Select the browser from which to import the favorites (note that Microsoft are happy to give us the option to import from Internet Explorer to Edge, but not vice versa)
Click on “Import”

To organise your favorites in Edge:

Click on the icon with three unequal-length horizontal bars (apparently, this is called “the hub”)
In the popup, click on the favorites icon (the star)
You can now drag and drop favorites to move them around, or right-click to rename or delete

Safari (on a Mac)

Click on the “File” command
Click on “Import from” and then select the browser whose favorites/bookmarks you wish to copy
Untick “history” if you do not want to import it
Click on “import”

When I tried this, I found my “bookmarks” imported from Chrome were placed inside a bookmarks folder called “favorites” (accessible by clicking on the “bookmarks” command). No, I couldn’t figure that one out.

Google to include Ad Blocking in Chrome

No Responses »

Sep 162017

Yes, that’s right. Google has become one of the biggest companies in the known universe thanks to its advertising revenues, and it’s going to include an ad-blocker in its browser

Actually, that’s not strictly true. They are not going to block all ads. Instead they are going to try to filter out ads that are just too annoying for even the most laid-back internet surfer.

So who gets to decide that an ad is just too awful? There’s a group including Google, News Corporation, Unilever, Proctor & Gamble, Facebook, and lots of others, that call themselves “The Coalition for Better Ads“.

They have initially defined four types of ads that fall below the level of acceptability for desktop browsers. These are:

Pop-up ads. These appear after the main content of the page has started to load and block some or all of the content.
Auto-playing video ads with sound. As the name implies, the sound starts without any interaction on the user’s part. Ads requiring a click to start the sound don’t cause the same annoyance and aren’t included by the Group.
Prestitial Ads with Countdown. These ads appear before the main content of the page and force the user to wait a number of seconds before they disappear. Goodness knows what “prestitial” means. You can’t consult the Oxford English dictionary online for free any more. Chambers Dictionary doesn’t know what it means and neither does the excellent (and free) WordWeb.
Large Sticky Ads. Sticky ads cling to the page no matter how much you try and scroll to get them to go away. They are deemed to be “large” if they take up more than 30% of the screen.

There are even more types for mobile devices, but I think you probably get the idea. There’s no attempt (yet) to filter out ads on the basis of taste.

The reason for taking action on the most annoying types of web ads is that online advertisers are worried about ad blockers undermining the effectiveness of their ads. The more annoying that ads become, the more people will install ad blockers, so the more their revenue will be affected. Many, many, websites are only able to function because of the advertising revenue they generate.

The “Coalition for Better Ads” is not yet filtering for ad content

Undoubtedly, there is an argument for saying that the internet will be a better place with fewer of these very annoying advertising practices. Isn’t it just a bit worrying, though, that Google (producer of the Chrome browser and purveyor of most of the ads on the internet) should be instrumental in deciding just what is, and what is not, acceptable as far as online advertising is concerned? I don’t think we can expect any of Google’s own advertising practices to be called into question by the “Coalition for Better Ads” (of which it is a member).

I’ve got a feeling, though, that it might be just a tad too late for the likes of me to start worrying about how much power Google wields! Think I’ll just be grateful that some of the worst online advertising practices might just become extinct in the near future.

And just in case (like me) you still think ad blockers are a good idea – have a look at this blog post about Adblock Plus.

Tip: some websites are now blocking access to users who user ad blockers. If I come across one of these, I usually say “fair enough” and leave the site. If, however, I really do want to access something on such a site, this is how I go about it:

I have another browser installed (“Opera” in my case) that I rarely use and in which I haven’t installed an ad blocker.
If a site blocks me, I click on the address bar and then click Control c (Command c on a Mac). This copies the web page address into the clipboard.
I then open Opera, click on the address bar, and click Control v (Command v on a Mac). This pastes the address into Opera and I can access the content without disturbing the ad blocker on my normal browser.

Stop your Browser from Trying to Save Passwords

No Responses »

Jul 082017

Do you get hassled by your browser offering to save passwords?

All major browsers can be configured to save the username and password of your account at the website you have just accessed. That’s all very well if:

You don’t use a password manager (such as LastPass) to handle this for you and
You trust the browser to keep the information safe

If either of these conditions is untrue then you may prefer your browser to stop being so eager to help. Detailed below are the instructions for configuring the current versions of the major browsers.

One browser will quite happily display all your passwords without asking for any credentials at all. So, anyone accessing your computer can easily see these passwords. And which one is it? Firefox – see below

Firefox

Click on Menu option (three horizontal bars at top right)
Click on “Options”
Click on “Security”
Untick “Remember login for sites”
Close the “options” tab (or the entire browser)

Note that, before closing Options, you can click on “Saved Logins” and then “Show Passwords” to display all the passwords you’ve asked Firefox to save for you. I can’t imagine why they make this so insecure.

Chrome

Click on Menu option (three dots at top right)
Click on “Settings”
Scroll down to “Advanced” and click on it
Scroll down further and, under the “passwords and forms” section, click the arrow to the right of “manage passwords” and slide the blue switch left to the “off” position
Close the “Settings” tab (or the entire browser)

Note that, a bit further down, there is a section called “Saved Passwords”. If you click the 3 dots to the right of a saved password then you can click on details. In the popup window, you can then click on the “eye” symbol to see the password. It will then ask you for your Windows password. This is the password you use to log on as a Windows user. It won’t accept a pin (even if that’s your normal logon method). I haven’t tested what happens if you sign on to your computer as a local user with no password.

Safari (on a Mac)

Click on the “Safari” menu option
Click on “Preferences”
Click on the “passwords” tab
Untick “Autofill user names and passwords”
Close the passwords window

Internet Explorer

Click on the Settings “cog wheel”
Click on “Internet Options”
Click on the “Content” tab
Click on “Settings” in the AutoComplete section
Untick “User names and passwords on forms”
Click on “OK” on each of the two open boxes

Note that there is an option “Manage Passwords”. Clicking on this (in Wondows 10, anyway) will open Windows “Web Credentials”. You will need to supply your Windows user password to access the stored passwords.

Edge

Click on menu (3 horizontal dots)
Click on “Settings”
Scroll down and click on “View advanced settings”
Scroll down and slide the switch leftwards that is next to “offer to save passwords”
Click somewhere to the left of the “Settings” menu to close it